OBJECTIVE: Several hematological parameters are being investigated as useful prognostic markers based on host-related systemic inflammatory response. Although they are used to predict prognosis of patients in many conditions including various cancer types and inflammatory diseases; little is known about their prognostic efficacy in male infertility. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of seminal parameters with the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and monocyte-to-eosinophil (MER) ratio,which are inflammatory markers, in men with an abnormal semen analysis and men with normozoospermia. We also investigated the correlation between vitamin D levels and seminal parameters.
MATRERIAL and METHODS: One hundred and twenty-six men with abnormal semen analyses and 79 men with normozoospermia were included in this cross-sectional study. A complete blood count was recorded, and the NLR, PLR and MER were calculated from the hematologic parameters. Vitamin D levels were also noted for participants.
RESULTS: The NLR was 1.80±0.65 in the normozoospermic group and 1.82±0.66 in the abnormal semen analysis group. The PLR was 104.28±30.55 in the normozoospermic group and 106.73±35.01 in the abnormal semen analysis group. MER was 2.99±1.74 in normozoospermic men and 7.24±16.57 in abnormal semen analysis group. No significant differences were found between the normozoospermic and the abnormal semen analysis group in the NLR (p=0.911), the PLR (p=0.746) or MER (0.166). Vitamin D levels were also nonsignificant between two groups (37.62±1.91 vs. 38.43±2.51, p: 0.103). In addition, no seminal parameters were correlated with the NLR, PLR or MER (p＞0.05).
CONCLUSION: According to our results, it is not possible to recommend using the NLR, PLR or MER as markers to screen for abnormal semen parameters or male infertility.

OBJECTIVE: Subclinical varicocele cases are those that cannot be determined by palpation during physical examination but can be detected by radiologic imaging methods. In this study, we compared the semen parameters of three patient groups, namely the group with SV, with clinical varicocele and with no varicocele, and investigated the effects of SV on semen parameters.
MATRERIAL and METHODS: 294 patients, aged 18-37 years, admitted to our polyclinic due to infertility between July 2014 and January 2018, were evaluated retrospectively. Varicocele group (group 1), subclinical varicocele group (group 2), and no varicocele as control group (group 3). Three groups were compared with each other statistically, with respect to age, semen volume, concentration, total and progressive motility, kruger parameters. p<0.05 value was considered as significant.
RESULTS: Among three groups, there were statistically significant differences in semen parameters only between group 1 and group 3. Sperm concentration (35.9±29.2×106/mL and 46.2±33.9×106/mL) and morphology (2.6 ± 1.6% and 3.1 ± 1.6%) were determined statistically lower in group 1 with respect to group 3 (p=0.025, p = 0.031, respectively).
CONCLUSION: The most widely accepted mechanism is the decrease of androgen biosynthesis by increased scrotal temperature. In our study groups, semen parameters of the patients with clinical varicocele were statistically lower than those with no varicocele. Semen parameters of subclinical varicocele patients showed no statistically significant difference with respect to those of clinical varicocele and control patients with no varicocele.

OBJECTIVE: Holmium laser enucluation of prostate (HoLEP) is a valid minimal invasive alternative to open prostatectomy in patients with medium-large prostates and lower urinary tract symptoms resulting from benign prostatic hyperlasia (BPH) and performed more frequently
worldwide. In this trial we aimed to compare retrograde ejeculation rates of two techniques; ejeculatory hood(EH) sparing trilober enucluation technique and non-ejeculatory sparing bilober enucluation techniques.
MATRERIAL and METHODS: 48 patients who underwent HoLEP with no preoperative erection/ejeculation problems were included to the trial. Patients were divided into two groups according to utilized enucluation technique; trilober technique (group 1) and bilober technique (group 2). 24 patients were included to both groups. Patients were questioned about antegrade ejeculation status at postoperative 3. Month.
RESULTS: Mean age of patients were 64.7 (51-78) years. Preoperative mean prostate volume was 110.5 cc (44-193) and mean PSA level was
3.75 ng/ml (1.6-8.2). Baseline patient characteristics and peroperative parameters were similar between groups. Antegrade ejeculation was observed in 6 of 24 (25%) patients in EH sparing trilober technique group (group 1) and in 4 of 24 (16%) patients in bilober technique
group (group 2). No statistically significant difference was detected between two groups in terms of antegrade ejeculation (p=0.5)
CONCLUSION: Ejeculatory hood sparing is not enough to preserve antegrade ejeculation due to large apical defect resulting from complete excision of apical prostatic tissue. As a conclusion it is reasonable to suggest that even if HoLEP is a widely adopted minimal invasive approach currently, technical modifications of HoLEP seem ineffective in preserving antegrade ejeculation.

Sperm cryopreservation involves the cooling of semen samples and their storage at -196°C in liquid nitrogen. This technique has been used widely since the 1960s to treat couples with infertility. Cancer is the major indication for sperm cryopreservation. However currently, the scope of clinical indications used for sperm cryopreservation has expanded widely. In this context, sperm cryopreservation is used in patients with retrograde ejaculation, severe olgoospermia, metabolic disorders, spinal cord injury, cranial tumors. Cryopreservation process involves cooling, freezing, and thawing steps. Cryopreservation of sperm may negatively affect on membrane lipid composition, acrosome status, sperm motility, vitality and DNA damage. To prevent of this negative effects several cryopreotectans have been used. In general the pregnancy rates after sperm cropreservation are changes between 12% and 35.2%. In this review current advances has been evaluated in the era of sperm cryopreservation.

Motility disorders are the most important sperm parameters affecting the results of success in assisted reproductive methods as it is the most important obstacle parameter in reaching pregnancy naturally. To demonstrate the high success rates in the procedures performed by obtaining motile and live spermatozoa in the ejaculate is the most important reason for obtaining a healthy and live spermatoza for artificial reproductive techniques. Despite the methods used for assisted reproduction for over 25 years, researches for healthy-living and motile spermatozoa are still going on.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical used as an additive in epoxy resin making and non-polymer plastics. BPA’s worldwide production has increased over time. People are generally exposed to BPA through the contamination of food and beverages. BPA, which modulates the function and expression of estrogen and androgen receptors, has both estrogenic and anti-androgenic effects. Because of these effects, male reproductive health can be adversely affected. BPA levels given at doses equivalent to recommended daily intake or environmental exposure in gestation or adulthood studies of rats negatively affected male reproductive health in mice. In current studies, sperm count and reserve in rats, sperm epididymal transition and testosterone hormone levels decreased. Rat studies have reported that exposure to BPA, especially during the in utero period, may cause greater and more permanent effects. Changes in nuclear morphology and epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation are thought to be potential mechanisms that may cause adverse effects on reproductive health in response to environmental contaminants such as BPA. Human studies examining the relationship between BPA and male reproductive health are generally epidemiological studies and in some studies urinary BPA levels have been associated with abnormal sperm parameters. Studies have also shown that BPA also affects steroid hormones. However, the studies give inconsistent results in this regard. As a result, endocrine disrupting effect can cause serious adverse effects on male reproductive health even at very low doses of BPA. Human studies often measure BPA’s adult male exposure and are inadequate in studies involving early life periods (eg, prenatal or peripubertal periods), which may be more sensitive to the effects of BPA.